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Fundamentals of Backend Engineering: A Comprehensive Guide

• Read: Caching with Redis, Message brokers.
• Build: Add rate limiting and Redis caching to your API.
• Project: Build a thumbnail resizer. User uploads image → Queue worker resizes → Saves to S3.

Chapter 4: API Design and Development

Month 5-6: Observability & Security (Pillar 7 + Updates)

• JWT (JSON Web Token): Stateless auth. The token holds the user data (encoded). No server session storage needed.
• OAuth 2.0: Third-party access (Log in with Google).

1. HTTP/1.1 vs HTTP/2 vs HTTP/3

• The problem: Scanning a whole table to find one row is slow (O(n)).
• The solution: An Index is a lookup table (usually a B-Tree). It makes reads fast (O(log n)) but writes slower (because the index must be updated).
• Rule: Index fields you query frequently (e.g., WHERE user_id = 5).