List Of Chunks In English Pdf
1. Common Types of Chunks
English "chunks" (also called lexical chunks or formulaic language) are pairs or groups of words that naturally go together and are processed by the brain as a single unit . Learning language in chunks—rather than word-by-word—is one of the fastest ways to improve speaking fluency and sound more like a native speaker.
- First of all…
- Meanwhile…
- In the meantime…
- Eventually…
- At the same time…
- Soon after that…
- Usefulness: High as a raw reference list; moderate as a pedagogical resource in its current form.
- Reliability: Good for everyday patterns, but limited by sparse sourcing and inconsistent metadata.
- Recommendation: Recommend for learners and teachers as a supplementary reference; advise the authors to add methodological transparency, frequency data, standardized entries, and pedagogical materials to make it authoritative and classroom-ready.
- Giving opinions (In my view…, It seems to me that…)
- Agreeing/Disagreeing (That’s a fair point, but…, I see it differently)
- Clarifying (What I mean is…, Let me rephrase that)
- Adding information (Moreover…, On top of that…)
- Contrasting (Having said that…, Despite this…)
- however — contrast marker. Example: I wanted to go; however, it started raining.
- moreover — adds information. Example: She studied hard; moreover, she asked for feedback.
- on the other hand — contrast alternative. Example: Cheap option is fast; on the other hand, quality may suffer.
- as a result — consequence. Example: He missed the deadline; as a result, the project was delayed.
- for example / for instance — introduce example. Example: Many fruits are high in vitamin C, for example, oranges and kiwis.
- in addition — add information. Example: In addition to salary, benefits include health insurance.
- therefore — conclusion/so. Example: It rained all night; therefore, the match was canceled.
- in contrast — emphasize difference. Example: In contrast to last year, sales have increased.
- first of all — sequence starter. Example: First of all, thank you for coming.