The relationship between a biological mother and child () is a foundational pillar of human social systems, acting as a "micro-system" that shapes an individual’s lifelong social and emotional development . This bond serves as a primary template for future relationships and a critical indicator of overall well-being. 1. Psychological & Developmental Impact
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Several theoretical frameworks have been proposed to understand the complexities of mother-child relationships. Attachment theory, developed by John Bowlby and Mary Ainsworth, suggests that the quality of the mother-child relationship is critical in shaping the child's attachment style, which in turn influences their relationships throughout life (Bowlby, 1969; Ainsworth et al., 1978). The mother-child relationship is also influenced by social learning theory, which posits that children learn social and emotional skills through observing and imitating their caregivers (Bandura, 1977). hubungan ibu kandung The relationship between a biological